![]() ![]() On the Arduino Mega, it works on pins 2 - 13 and 44 - 46. On most Arduino boards (those with the ATmega168 or ATmega328), this function works on pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Pins 3 and 11 on the Leonardo also run at 980 Hz. On the Uno and similar boards, pins 5 and 6 have a frequency of approximately 980 Hz. The frequency of the PWM signal on most pins is approximately 490 Hz. After a call of the analogWrite() function, the pin will generate a steady square wave of the specified duty cycle until the next call to analogWrite() or a call to digitalRead() or digitalWrite() on the same pin. It can be used to light a LED at varying brightness or drive a motor at various speeds. The analogWrite() function writes an analog value (PWM wave) to a pin. Using the period calculated above, duty cycle is calculated as − ![]() Period is the sum of both on and off times and is calculated as shown in the following equation −ĭuty cycle is calculated as the on-time of the period of time. Period − It is represented as the sum of on-time and off-time of PWM signal.ĭuty Cycle − It is represented as the percentage of time signal that remains on during the period of the PWM signal.Īs shown in the figure, T on denotes the on-time and T off denotes the off-time of signal. ![]() Off-Time − Duration of time signal is low. On-Time − Duration of time signal is high. There are various terms associated with PWM − A basic PWM signal is shown in the following figure. Pulse width modulation is basically, a square wave with a varying high and low time. PWM has many applications such as controlling servos and speed controllers, limiting the effective power of motors and LEDs. Pulse Width Modulation or PWM is a common technique used to vary the width of the pulses in a pulse-train. ![]()
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